50 mol% indium substituted BaTiO3: Characterization of structure and conductivity
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Abstract
BaTi0.5In0.5O3-d was prepared by solid state reaction at 1400 °C. Rietveld analysis of high resolution X-ray powder diffraction data indicated phase pure as-prepared material that adopts a cubic perovskite structure with a = 4.1536(1) Å. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the presence of significant levels of protons in the as-prepared material and 57% of the theoretically achievable protonation was attained on exposure to a humid environment at 185 °C. After hydration the cell parameter increased to 4.1623(1) Å. Electrical conductivity was measured both with fixed and variable frequency ac impedance methods as a function of temperature, oxygen-, water vapour- and heavy water vapour partial pressures. In the temperature range 400-800 °C a slight increase in the total conductivity with increasing oxygen partial pressure is encountered, characteristic of a contribution from p-type charge carriers. The effect of the water vapour pressure on conductivity below 600 °C is much more prominent indicative of dominant proton conduction. At 300 °C the total conductivity in wet O2 was estimated to be 9.30 x 10-5 S/cm. At T > 800 °C the material is a pure oxide ion conductor.
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">50 mol% indium substituted BaTiO<sub>3</sub>: Characterization of structure and conductivity</title><author><name sortKey="Rahman, S M H" uniqKey="Rahman S">S. M. H. Rahman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivagen 10</s1><s2>1296 Gothenburg</s2><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suède</country><wicri:noRegion>1296 Gothenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Knee, C S" uniqKey="Knee C">C. S. Knee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Dept. of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg</s1><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suède</country><wicri:noRegion>Dept. of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, I" uniqKey="Ahmed I">I. Ahmed</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivagen 10</s1><s2>1296 Gothenburg</s2><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suède</country><wicri:noRegion>1296 Gothenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>The ISIS facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory</s1><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>The ISIS facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eriksson, S G" uniqKey="Eriksson S">S. G. Eriksson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivagen 10</s1><s2>1296 Gothenburg</s2><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suède</country><wicri:noRegion>1296 Gothenburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haugsrud, R" uniqKey="Haugsrud R">R. Haugsrud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, FERMiO, University of Oslo</s1><s3>NOR</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Norvège</country><wicri:noRegion>Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, FERMiO, University of Oslo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="inist">13-0007478</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 13-0007478 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:13-0007478</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001493</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Repository">002114</idno></publicationStmt><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0360-3199</idno><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Int. j. hydrogen energy</title><title level="j" type="main">International journal of hydrogen energy</title></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Characterization</term><term>Electrical conductivity</term><term>Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy</term><term>Hydrogen</term><term>Impedance</term><term>Indium</term><term>Perovskite</term><term>Proton conductivity</term><term>Solid state</term><term>Thermogravimetry</term><term>X ray diffractometry</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Indium</term><term>Caractérisation</term><term>Etat solide</term><term>Diffractométrie RX</term><term>Perovskite</term><term>Thermogravimétrie</term><term>Conductivité électrique</term><term>Impédance</term><term>Conductivité protonique</term><term>Spectrométrie impédance électrochimique</term><term>Hydrogène</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="concept" xml:lang="fr"><term>Hydrogène</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">BaTi<sub>0.5</sub>In<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>3-d</sub> was prepared by solid state reaction at 1400 °C. Rietveld analysis of high resolution X-ray powder diffraction data indicated phase pure as-prepared material that adopts a cubic perovskite structure with a = 4.1536(1) Å. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the presence of significant levels of protons in the as-prepared material and 57% of the theoretically achievable protonation was attained on exposure to a humid environment at 185 °C. After hydration the cell parameter increased to 4.1623(1) Å. Electrical conductivity was measured both with fixed and variable frequency ac impedance methods as a function of temperature, oxygen-, water vapour- and heavy water vapour partial pressures. In the temperature range 400-800 °C a slight increase in the total conductivity with increasing oxygen partial pressure is encountered, characteristic of a contribution from p-type charge carriers. The effect of the water vapour pressure on conductivity below 600 °C is much more prominent indicative of dominant proton conduction. At 300 °C the total conductivity in wet O<sub>2</sub> was estimated to be 9.30 x 10<sup>-5</sup> S/cm. At T > 800 °C the material is a pure oxide ion conductor.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0360-3199</s0></fA01><fA02 i1="01"><s0>IJHEDX</s0></fA02><fA03 i2="1"><s0>Int. j. hydrogen energy</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>37</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>9</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>50 mol% indium substituted BaTiO<sub>3</sub>: Characterization of structure and conductivity</s1></fA08><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>RAHMAN (S. M. H.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>KNEE (C. S.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>AHMED (I.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>ERIKSSON (S. G.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>HAUGSRUD (R.)</s1></fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivagen 10</s1><s2>1296 Gothenburg</s2><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>Dept. of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg</s1><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>The ISIS facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory</s1><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="04"><s1>Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, FERMiO, University of Oslo</s1><s3>NOR</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s1>7975-7982</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>2012</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>17522</s2><s5>354000509291170690</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2013 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>38 ref.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>13-0007478</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1><s2>C</s2></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>International journal of hydrogen energy</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>GBR</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>BaTi<sub>0.5</sub>In<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>3-d</sub> was prepared by solid state reaction at 1400 °C. Rietveld analysis of high resolution X-ray powder diffraction data indicated phase pure as-prepared material that adopts a cubic perovskite structure with a = 4.1536(1) Å. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the presence of significant levels of protons in the as-prepared material and 57% of the theoretically achievable protonation was attained on exposure to a humid environment at 185 °C. After hydration the cell parameter increased to 4.1623(1) Å. Electrical conductivity was measured both with fixed and variable frequency ac impedance methods as a function of temperature, oxygen-, water vapour- and heavy water vapour partial pressures. In the temperature range 400-800 °C a slight increase in the total conductivity with increasing oxygen partial pressure is encountered, characteristic of a contribution from p-type charge carriers. The effect of the water vapour pressure on conductivity below 600 °C is much more prominent indicative of dominant proton conduction. At 300 °C the total conductivity in wet O<sub>2</sub> was estimated to be 9.30 x 10<sup>-5</sup> S/cm. 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